Murder, Rape, and DNA
DNA is the information needed by a cell in order to reproduce an
identical offspring. In some crimes detectives have no evidence or
fingerprints to tell who had committed a crime. Now there is a way of finding
who has committed the crime by a method called DNA Typing. DNA Typing
is finding bacteria or blood on clothing or skin and amplifying the gene. This
process was pioneered in the 1980's by a Scientist named Alec Jeffreys.
If blood, sperm, or any other human cells are left at the scene of a
crime, the DNA in the cells can be analyzed and compared with some DNA
taken from the suspect's blood. If they match, this information and testimony
of a scientist can be used to convict a rapist or murderer.
In the O.J. Simpson case DNA Typing was used. There was blood
found on various areas at the crime scene. The investigators gathered the
evidence, and took it to the laboratory where it was analyzed. The jury
determined that the samples were contaminated because of the way they were
handled.
DNA Typing is not perfect. There are many loop holes in it. An
example is the O.J. Simpson trial. During the process the DNA may be
tampered with or damaged.
In most rape cases DNA Typing is used by taking semen off the body
of clothes then amplifying the genes. The machine that copies the DNA is
called the PCR. The DNA is then cut and placed the wells in trays. PCR
copies the small pieces of DNA. It is performed by a blotting process. This
process has 21 different catogories.
Other tests include those for tracing genetic diseases within families,
finding the genes that cause genetic diseases. DNA Typing can also prove
the relationship with families.
DNA Typing is becoming more common than ever. This process is
helping to free convicted people of crimes they may not have committed by
taking samples of the prisoners DNA and comparing it with the evidence left
at the crime scene.
Jonathan Dewees
February 16, 1997
Friday, January 4, 2013
Body Systems
Body Systems
There are 10 body systems, one of them is the Integumentary (skin).
It is composed of hair, skin, nails, sence receptions and oil glands. Its
functionis to protect from outside, to regulate the body temperature, to
make synthesis of hormones & chemicals and is used as a sense
organ.
Another one is the Skeletal System (bones). It is made of about 206
bones, that are divided in tho categories: axial bones (in the body by
itself) and apendicular bones (arms & legs). We have Joints too.
Thei`re divided in Ball Socket (like elbow and shoulders) and sattle
(fingers). This system`s function are movement, storage of minerals,
blood formation, support of the body and protection of body parts.
The next one is the Muscular System. It is composed of muscles
(dah). The muscles are divided in visceral or involuntary or smooth
(The one in the organs, like intestines), skeletal or voluntary or
striated (found superficial to the bones, like biceps, triceps...) and
cardiac (heart). Their functions are movement, to maintain body
posture & tone and in the production of body heat.
Now its time for the Nervous System. Its constructed of the brain, the
spinal cord and the nerves (neurons). Its functions are to
communicate (fast with short duration), integration, and to control.
The subsequent system is the Endocrine System (known as ductless
too...). This is composed of a lot of things... They are:pituitary gland -
below the brain (master gland), pineal gland - brain (It`s called the
"third eye" by some, because its sensitive to light cycles),
hypothalamus - also in the brain (it works with the pituitary), the
thyrodic - neck (controls the metabolism), adrenal - kidneys
(responsible for the adrenaline), pancreas - near stomach (produces
insulin), ovaries - on females and testes - on males (it produces
estrogen and ova - testosterone and sperm, respectively). Their
functions are to secrete hormones into the blood, communication
(slow & long duration), integration and control.
There are 10 body systems, one of them is the Integumentary (skin).
It is composed of hair, skin, nails, sence receptions and oil glands. Its
functionis to protect from outside, to regulate the body temperature, to
make synthesis of hormones & chemicals and is used as a sense
organ.
Another one is the Skeletal System (bones). It is made of about 206
bones, that are divided in tho categories: axial bones (in the body by
itself) and apendicular bones (arms & legs). We have Joints too.
Thei`re divided in Ball Socket (like elbow and shoulders) and sattle
(fingers). This system`s function are movement, storage of minerals,
blood formation, support of the body and protection of body parts.
The next one is the Muscular System. It is composed of muscles
(dah). The muscles are divided in visceral or involuntary or smooth
(The one in the organs, like intestines), skeletal or voluntary or
striated (found superficial to the bones, like biceps, triceps...) and
cardiac (heart). Their functions are movement, to maintain body
posture & tone and in the production of body heat.
Now its time for the Nervous System. Its constructed of the brain, the
spinal cord and the nerves (neurons). Its functions are to
communicate (fast with short duration), integration, and to control.
The subsequent system is the Endocrine System (known as ductless
too...). This is composed of a lot of things... They are:pituitary gland -
below the brain (master gland), pineal gland - brain (It`s called the
"third eye" by some, because its sensitive to light cycles),
hypothalamus - also in the brain (it works with the pituitary), the
thyrodic - neck (controls the metabolism), adrenal - kidneys
(responsible for the adrenaline), pancreas - near stomach (produces
insulin), ovaries - on females and testes - on males (it produces
estrogen and ova - testosterone and sperm, respectively). Their
functions are to secrete hormones into the blood, communication
(slow & long duration), integration and control.
Animals in The Research Lab
The use of living animals is an important way to solve a medical problem. Researchers continually seek other models to understand the human organism, study disease processes, and test new therapies. In seeking quicker and not so expensive ways to look for biological information that can be applied to human disease, scientists sometimes study simpler things such as bacteria, fruit flies and a few other things. Researchers have spent many years learning how to sustain cells, tissues and organs from animals and humans outside the body to understand biological processes and develop new medical treatments. Computers allow scientists to analyze vast amounts of data and test new ideas. But, in the end, the results obtained must be verified in appropriate animal systems and, possibly as the final step, in clinical trials using humans who will volunteer.
Before beginning a project, all research proposals involving animals must be reviewed and approved by a committee comprised of scientists, veterinarians, and private citizens.
Animal activist organizations believe that there are no moral reasons for the use of animals in research. This has attempted to slow or halt the work of scientists. Some activists groups intimidate or harass individual scientists, conduct demonstrations, or sometimes commit acts of vandalism. There are a few health professionals who support the activist movement but they truly stand apart from the vast majority of physians and most Americans who readily accept the fact that animal research is necessary to gain medical progress.
The use of living animals remains a very important way to solve medical problems. Almost every medical achievement of the last century has depended either directly or indirectly on RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS. The knowledge gained from this research has extended human life and made it healthier.
In conclusion, I think that animals should be used in the lab because I would rather risk the lives of a couple animals and not the lives of a couple thousand people.
Before beginning a project, all research proposals involving animals must be reviewed and approved by a committee comprised of scientists, veterinarians, and private citizens.
Animal activist organizations believe that there are no moral reasons for the use of animals in research. This has attempted to slow or halt the work of scientists. Some activists groups intimidate or harass individual scientists, conduct demonstrations, or sometimes commit acts of vandalism. There are a few health professionals who support the activist movement but they truly stand apart from the vast majority of physians and most Americans who readily accept the fact that animal research is necessary to gain medical progress.
The use of living animals remains a very important way to solve medical problems. Almost every medical achievement of the last century has depended either directly or indirectly on RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS. The knowledge gained from this research has extended human life and made it healthier.
In conclusion, I think that animals should be used in the lab because I would rather risk the lives of a couple animals and not the lives of a couple thousand people.
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